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位置游戏是一种战术方法，由许多顶级教练使用，

Positional play is a tactical method employed by a number

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最著名的是佩普·瓜迪奥拉。

of top coaches, most famously Pep Guardiola.

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那么它到底是什么，为什么它有效？

But what exactly is it, and why does it work?

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起源于里努斯·米歇尔斯和约翰·克鲁伊夫在全攻全守中发展的概念，

Originating in concepts developed in Total Football by Rinus Michels and Johann Cruyff,

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位置游戏已成为许多顶级球队的指导原则。汉西

positional play has become a guiding principle for many top sides. Hansi

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弗利克的拜仁和托马斯·图赫尔的切尔西都使用位置游戏原则，

Flick’s Bayern and Thomas Tuchel’s Chelsea both use positional play principles, for example,

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而瓜迪奥拉本人则引用了迈克尔·劳德鲁普的斯旺西队[2012-2014]和帕科

while Guardiola himself has cited Michael Laudrup’s Swansea team [2012-2014] and Paco

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赫梅斯的拉约·巴耶卡诺[2012-2016]作为两个最佳例子。

Jemez’s Rayo Vallecano [2012-2016] as two of the best examples.

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位置游戏从根本上来说是一些简单的理念，

Positional play is fundamentally a number of simple ideas which,

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这些理念结合在一起，极难进行正确的训练和实施。

together, are extremely difficult to coach and implement correctly.

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这要求球员学习一系列进出区域的动作，

It requires players to learn a series of movements into and out of zones,

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取决于球、队友和对手的位置。而位置游戏的训练是一个很好的起点，

depending on where the ball, teammates, and opposition are. And the coaching of

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因为佩普·瓜迪奥拉著名的分隔训练场展示了这一方法的关键基础之一。

positional play is a good place to start, because Pep Guardiola’s

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训练场被分成区域，使用纵向和横向的线。

famous divided training pitch shows one of the key building blocks for the method.

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这样球员可以学习他们在区域内外的动作。

The training pitch is divided into zones using lines up and down, and across, the pitch.

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同一水平线上不应有超过三名球员，或同一垂直线上不应有超过两名球员——这就是为什么，

This is so that players can learn their movements in and out of zones. There should never be more

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例如，如果边后卫内切，边锋会外推，反之亦然。

than three players on the same horizonal line or two on the same vertical line – this is why,

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球员应该获得一种几乎自动的感觉，知道何时何地该在何处

for example, if a full-back cuts inside, the winger will push out, and vice versa.

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与比赛的进行、球的位置以及队友的位置相关。

Players should acquire an almost automatic sense for where to be and when

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这也鼓励球员适应轮换，这是位置游戏的另一个基本原则。

in relation to where the play is, where the ball is and where their teammates are.

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球员需要熟练地在区域内外切换，即使这

This also encourages players to become comfortable with rotation, another fundamental principle of

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可能会让他们在场上的位置处于一个不太熟悉的区域。

positional play. Players need to be adept at switching in and out of zones, even when this

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为向前冲的边后卫提供保护可能需要中场球员

might put them, in terms of where they are on the pitch, in an area they’re not that familiar with.

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转移到该区域并承担更大的防守责任。这与

Covering for a full back who surges forwards might require a central midfielder

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全攻全守有相似之处，也是位置游戏对球队要求如此之高的原因之一。

to shift into that zone and assume greater defensive responsibility. This has echoes of

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全攻全守是位置游戏对球队要求如此之高的原因之一。

Total Football and is one of the reasons that positional play demands so much of a squad.

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这两个原则，即与队友、球和空间的区域定位，

These two principles, zonal positioning in relation to teammates, the ball,

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以及轮换是实现位置游戏主要目标的方式，即优势。

and space, and rotation are the way to achieve positional play’s main goal, which is superiority.

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在场上的优势主要通过三种方式实现。

Superiority on the pitch in achieved in one of three main ways.

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这些方式分别是数量、质量和位置。

These are numerical, qualitative, and positional.

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数量优势是指在场地的某一部分拥有更多的球员，

Numerical superiority is about having more of your players in one part of the pitch than the

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允许你在他们周围传球并超越他们。一个好的例子是当

opposition, allowing you to pass the ball around and past them. A good example of this is when

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如果门将控球，后卫分开，且中场球员回撤。这

centre backs split wide if the goalkeeper is in possession, and a midfielder drops in. This

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意味着即使面对三名防守球员施压，控球方也有一个空位球员。

means that even against three defenders pressing the area, the team in possession has a free man.

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质量优势是试图让你的一名优秀球员处于一个

Qualitative superiority is the attempt to get one of your good players in a

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可以攻击一名不如他优秀的防守球员的位置，可能是更慢、更弱，

position to attack a defender who is not as good, perhaps slower, weaker,

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或技术能力较差。这可以通过拉伸比赛

or less technically able. This can be achieved by stretching the playing

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区域来实现，以孤立一名远侧防守球员对抗快速边锋，例如，

area to isolate a far-sided defender against a quick winger, for example,

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这样当转换发生时，边锋可以在传中或射门前冲向那名防守球员。

so that when a switch is made the winger can run at that defender before crossing or shooting.

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位置优势是努力让球员处于对方压力或防线之间或后面。

Positional superiority is the effort to get players between or behind the

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这应该让你的球员在控球时有更多的时间和空间，以便做出好的传球而不失去控球权。

opposition lines of pressure or defence. This should allow your players to have

3:28

这通过球员在场上垂直和水平占据特定区域来实现，

more time and space on the ball in order to pick a good pass and not lose possession.

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这就是瓜迪奥拉使用那种网格状训练场的原因。

This is achieved by players occupying specific zones both vertically and horizontally on the

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在实践中，这就是为什么你会看到某些风格的球队共享特定的战术。

pitch and it’s why Guardiola uses that grid-like training pitch.

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例如，使用传球三角形或菱形，以及4-3-3或3-4-3阵型。

In practice, this is why you see certain approaches shared by teams using this style.

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这两种阵型都使得创建传球三角形或菱形变得更容易，

For instance, the use of passing triangles or diamonds, and the 4-3-3 or 3-4-3 systems.

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通过让球员处于正确的区域和线之间，这些模式使得很容易

Both these formations make it easier to create passing triangles or diamonds,

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将球通过对方并在对方的防线之间或后面产生优势。

and by getting players in the right zones and between the lines, these patterns make it easy to

4:06

另一种方法是使用第三人，通过操控对方的

move the ball through the opposition and generate a superiority between or behind the lines.

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位置来实现传球和移动，为球员接球创造空间。

Another approach is the use of the third man, which is achieved by manipulating the

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另一种方法是利用第三人，通过传球和移动来影响对方的位置，为接球的球员创造空间。

opposition’s position through passing and movement to generate space for a player to receive a pass.

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一个很好的例子是一些球员非常接近，但在不同的水平和垂直线上，他们可以相互传球。

A good example of this is a number of players quite close together, but on

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这会将对方吸引到场地的那个区域，从而在其他地方为第三人跑动创造空间。

different horizontal and vertical lines, who can play the ball to each other. This then draws

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这也是为什么位置游戏的球队经常在一侧施加压力，

the opposition towards that area of the pitch, creating space elsewhere for a third-man run.

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然后将球迅速转移到另一侧。

This is also why positional play teams often overload one flank,

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当瓜迪奥拉将梅西用作假九号时，

before switching it very wide to the other flank.

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效果是梅西要么在两条线之间有空间，获得位置优势，

When Lionel Messi was used by Guardiola as a false nine,

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要么如果一名中后卫跟随他，那么在对方的球门附近会出现空间，

the effect was that either Messi was in space between the lines himself, achieving positional

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为另一个第三人跑动打开空间，通常来自边路攻击者。

superiority and often being the third man, or, if a centre back followed him, then space

4:57

很多位置游戏都是通过这种运动来操控对手，

opened closer to the opposition goal for another third man run, often from the wide attackers.

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或者通过紧密的传球三角形将对手吸引过来，

A lot of positional play is about manipulating the opponent through this sort of movement,

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但目标始终是在场上某处创造优势。

or by drawing the opponent in with close passing triangles,

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位置游戏也会影响防守。

but the aim is always to create a superiority somewhere on the pitch.

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以这种方式踢球的球队通常会施加压力并进行反压，

Positional play affects defence, too.

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因为这意味着如果夺回控球，他们可以有很多球员靠近球。

Teams that play this way often press and counter-press,

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并立即重新开始获得优势的过程。通常，对方会

because it means they can have a number of players near the ball if possession is won back

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在球被回收时有很多球员靠近球，因此反压可以利用

and immediately restart the process of gaining superiority. Generally, the opposition will

5:31

这一点，通过在场地的其他地方利用空间，如果成功夺回控球。

have a number of players near the ball when it’s recovered, so counter-pressing can take

5:35

位置游戏的球队通常也会打得相当高，试图压缩防守区域，

advantage of this by using the space on the pitch elsewhere if possession is successfully won back.

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然后在控球时再次打开它。这两个概念再次是，

Positional play teams also often play quite a high line, looking to compress the playing

5:47

借鉴自全攻全守，空间的操控是如此重要。

area in defence, before opening it up again in possession. These two concepts are, again,

5:53

如果你想判断一支球队是否在进行位置游戏，

borrowed from Total Football, where the manipulation of space was so important.

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那么，这里有一些需要注意的事项：

If you are trying to work out if a team is playing positionally,

6:01

会有大量的轮换，球员出现在意想不到的区域。

then, here are the things to look out for:

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通常会有重复的动作，

There will be lots of rotation, with players appearing in unexpected areas

6:08

会有很多重复的动作，

There will often be movements that are repeated,

6:10

比如中场球员回撤形成三后卫，或者边后卫和边锋互换位置

like a midfielder dropping to make a back three, or full backs and wingers swapping in and out

6:14

会有传球转移给在宽阔区域内的空位球员，

There will be switches of play to players free in wide areas,

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以及很多传球三角形或菱形

and lots of passing triangles or diamonds

6:20

门将将参与进攻组织阶段

The goalkeeper will be part of the build-up phases

6:23

球队将进行压迫和反压迫，并很可能保持高位防线

And the team will press and counter-press, and very likely keep a high defensive line

6:28

这不是一个详尽的列表，这些都是很好的指标

That’s not an exhaustive list, these are all good indicators

6:32

表明一支球队正在运用位置游戏的原则。

that a team is using the principles of positional play.

What is Positional Play?